THE PRINCIPLE OF UNDERPINNING AND RETROFITTING OPERATIONS
Underpinning is usually done to provide additional foundation strength to an inadequate supported structure which may be settling or in danger of collapse. Underpinning operations most times is carried out in order to replace or strengthen the foundation of an existing structure which will promote its longevity. Earlier underpinning is done mainly because of settlement of structures as a result of inadequate foundation depth. Precautionary underpinning cannot always be avoided; it has become essential by the construction of new foundation deeper than those of the existing building. Most times additional loads may be added to existing structure needing reinforcement or enlargement of their foundation. Buildings having spread or mat foundation can settle or fail for any one or combination of the following reasons: * The overloading of soil. * The presence of fast growing trees in clay soil near a structure. * Vibration from pile driving for a new building in the nearby.
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